Player-Specific Conflict Handling Ontology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v1i3.26Keywords:
serious game, ontology, conflict, emotion analysisAbstract
This paper presents an ontology that leads the player of a serious game - regarding conflict handling - to the educative experience from which they will benefit the most. It provides a clearly defined tree of axioms that maps the player’s visually manifested affective cues and emotional stimuli from the serious game to conflict handling styles and proposes interventions. The importance of this ontology lies in the fact that it promotes natural interaction (non-invasive methods) and at the same time makes the game as player-specific as it can be for its educational goal. It is an ontology that can be adapted to different educational theories and serve various educational purposes.References
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[24] Whissell C., “The dictionary of affect in language,” Emotion: Theory, research, and experience, vol. 4, no. 113-131, p. 94, 1989.
[25] Russell J. A., Lewicka M., and Niit T., “A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect,” Journal of personality and social psychology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 848–856, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.848
[26] Karpouzis K., Caridakis G., Kessous L., Amir N., Raouzaiou A., Malatesta L., and Kollias S., “Modeling naturalistic affective states via facial, vocal, and bodily expressions recognition,” in Artifical Intelligence for Human Computing. Springer, pp. 91–112, 2007.
[27] Caridakis G., Raouzaiou A., Bevacqua E., Mancini M., Karpouzis K., Malatesta L., and Pelachaud C., “Virtual agent multimodal mimicry of humans,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 41, no. 3-4, pp. 367–388, 2007.
[28] Caridakis G., Tzouveli P., Malatesta L., Raouzaiou A., Karpouzis K., and Kollias S., “Affective e-learning system: Analysis of learners state,” Affective, Interactive, and Cognitive Methods for E-Learning Design: Creating an Optimal Education Experience, p. 275, 2009.
[29] Jones, H.E., The galvanic skin reflex as related to overt emotional expression, American Journal of Psychology, 47, pp.241-251, 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1415828
[30] Olweus, D. Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys : a causal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 16, 644-660, 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.644
[31] Olweus, D. Aggression in the schools:bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1978.
[32] Jones, R.E. , & White C.S. Relationship among personality, conflict resolution styles,and task effectiveness. Group and Organization Studies, 10, pp. 152-167, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105960118501000204
[33] Schneer, J.A. & Chain, M.N. Manifest needs personality predisposition to conflict handling behavior. Human Relations, 40, pp. 575-590, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678704000903
[34] Utley, M., Richardson, D., & Pilkington, C. Personality and interpersonal conflict management. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, pp. 287-293, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90101-3
[35] Afzalur, R. M., Garrett, J. E., & Buntzman, G. F. Ethics of managing interpersonal conflict in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5), pp. 423-432, 1992.
[36] Pruitt, D.G., & Rubin, J.Z. Social conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986
[37] Civelek, A. and Dincyurek, S., «The determination of conflict resolution strategies of university students, that they use when they have conflicts with people”, Journal of The Behavior Analyst Today, Vol. 9 Nos 9.3 & 9.4, p.215, 2008.
[38] Thomas, K.W. and Kilmann, R.H., Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, Xicom, a subsidiary of CPP Inc, Mountain View, CA, 1974.
[39] Conflict Management Styles Quiz. http://www.ncsu.edu/grad/preparing-future-leaders/docs/conflict-management-styles-quiz.pdf
[40] Gross J., John O., and Richards J., “Berkeley expressivity questionnaire” Psychology, vol. 72, pp. 435–448, 2000.
[41] Deutsch M., The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Proceses. Yale University Press, 1977.
[42] Corcho O., Fernández-López M., Gómez-Pérez A., and López -Cima A., “Building legal ontologies with methontology and webode,” in Law and the Semantic Web, Benjamins V. R., Casanovas P., Breuker J., and Gangemi A., Eds., vol. 3369, pp. 142–157, 2003.
[43] Knublauch H., Fergerson R. W., Noy N. F., and Musen M. A., “The protégé owl plugin: An open development environment for semantic web applications.” Springer, pp. 229–243, 2004.
[2] Corti K., “Games-based learning; a serious business application,” Informe de PixelLearning, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1–20, 2006.
[3] Laursen B. and Hafen C. A., “Future directions in the study of close relationships: Conflict is bad (except when it’s not),” Social Development, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 858–872, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00546.x
[4] Wang N. and Marsella S., “Introducing evg: an emotion evoking game,” in Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, pp. 282–291, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11821830_23
[5] Kaiser S., Wehrle T., and Schmidt S., “Emotional episodes, facial expressions, and reported feelings in human-computer interactions.”, 1998.
[6] Jones T. S., “Emotional communication in conflict,” The language of conflict and resolution, pp. 81–104, 2001.
[7] Gruber T., “Ontology,” in Encyclopedia of Database Systems, L. Liu and M. T. O¨ zsu, Eds. Springer US, pp. 1963–1965, 2009.
[8] Oberle D., Semantic Management of Middleware, Volume I of The Semantic Web and Beyond Springer, New York, 2006.
[9] Gruninger M., Lee J., Introduction – ontology: different ways of representing the same concept, Communications of the ACM 45(2), 39–41, 2002.
[10] Bürger T., Simperl E., Measuring the Benefits of Ontologies, On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2008 Workshops, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5333, pp 584-594, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88875-8_82
[11] FP7 ICT project SIREN (Social games for conflIct REsolution based on natural iNteraction) (project no: 258453) - www.sirenproject.eu
[12] Blake R. and Mouton J., “The managerial grid: The key to leadership excellence,” Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1964.
[13] Thomas K. W., Conflict and conflict management. Rand McNally College Pub. Co., 1976.
[14] Thomas K. W., “Conflict and conflict management: Reflections and update,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265–274, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130307
[15] Rahim A. and Thomas V. B., “Managing organizational conflict: A model for diagnosis and intervention,” Psychological reports, vol. 44, no. 3c, pp. 1323–1344, 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3c.1323
[16] Rahim M. A., “A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict.” Academy of Management journal, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 368–376, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/255985
[17] Rahim M. A., Garrett J. E., and Buntzman G. F., “Ethics of managing interpersonal conflict in organizations,” Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 423–432, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00870554
[18] Ting-Toomey S., “A face negotiation theory,” Theory and intercultural communication, pp. 47–92, 1988.
[19] Dobson K. S., ed. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Guilford Press, 2009.
[20] Cacioppo J. T., Uchino B. N., Crites S. L., Snydersmith M. A., Smith G., Berntson G. G., Lang P. J., “Relationship between facial expressiveness and sympathetic activation in emotion: A critical review, with emphasis on modeling underlying mechanisms and individual differences”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 110–128, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.110
[21] Mehrabian A., “Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament,” Current Psychology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 261–292, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02686918
[22] Russell J. A., “A circumplex model of affect,” Journal of personality and social psychology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1161–1178, 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
[23] Schlosberg H., “Three dimensions of emotion.” Psychological review vol. 61, no. 2, p. 81, 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054570
[24] Whissell C., “The dictionary of affect in language,” Emotion: Theory, research, and experience, vol. 4, no. 113-131, p. 94, 1989.
[25] Russell J. A., Lewicka M., and Niit T., “A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect,” Journal of personality and social psychology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 848–856, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.848
[26] Karpouzis K., Caridakis G., Kessous L., Amir N., Raouzaiou A., Malatesta L., and Kollias S., “Modeling naturalistic affective states via facial, vocal, and bodily expressions recognition,” in Artifical Intelligence for Human Computing. Springer, pp. 91–112, 2007.
[27] Caridakis G., Raouzaiou A., Bevacqua E., Mancini M., Karpouzis K., Malatesta L., and Pelachaud C., “Virtual agent multimodal mimicry of humans,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 41, no. 3-4, pp. 367–388, 2007.
[28] Caridakis G., Tzouveli P., Malatesta L., Raouzaiou A., Karpouzis K., and Kollias S., “Affective e-learning system: Analysis of learners state,” Affective, Interactive, and Cognitive Methods for E-Learning Design: Creating an Optimal Education Experience, p. 275, 2009.
[29] Jones, H.E., The galvanic skin reflex as related to overt emotional expression, American Journal of Psychology, 47, pp.241-251, 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1415828
[30] Olweus, D. Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys : a causal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 16, 644-660, 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.644
[31] Olweus, D. Aggression in the schools:bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1978.
[32] Jones, R.E. , & White C.S. Relationship among personality, conflict resolution styles,and task effectiveness. Group and Organization Studies, 10, pp. 152-167, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105960118501000204
[33] Schneer, J.A. & Chain, M.N. Manifest needs personality predisposition to conflict handling behavior. Human Relations, 40, pp. 575-590, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678704000903
[34] Utley, M., Richardson, D., & Pilkington, C. Personality and interpersonal conflict management. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, pp. 287-293, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90101-3
[35] Afzalur, R. M., Garrett, J. E., & Buntzman, G. F. Ethics of managing interpersonal conflict in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5), pp. 423-432, 1992.
[36] Pruitt, D.G., & Rubin, J.Z. Social conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986
[37] Civelek, A. and Dincyurek, S., «The determination of conflict resolution strategies of university students, that they use when they have conflicts with people”, Journal of The Behavior Analyst Today, Vol. 9 Nos 9.3 & 9.4, p.215, 2008.
[38] Thomas, K.W. and Kilmann, R.H., Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, Xicom, a subsidiary of CPP Inc, Mountain View, CA, 1974.
[39] Conflict Management Styles Quiz. http://www.ncsu.edu/grad/preparing-future-leaders/docs/conflict-management-styles-quiz.pdf
[40] Gross J., John O., and Richards J., “Berkeley expressivity questionnaire” Psychology, vol. 72, pp. 435–448, 2000.
[41] Deutsch M., The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Proceses. Yale University Press, 1977.
[42] Corcho O., Fernández-López M., Gómez-Pérez A., and López -Cima A., “Building legal ontologies with methontology and webode,” in Law and the Semantic Web, Benjamins V. R., Casanovas P., Breuker J., and Gangemi A., Eds., vol. 3369, pp. 142–157, 2003.
[43] Knublauch H., Fergerson R. W., Noy N. F., and Musen M. A., “The protégé owl plugin: An open development environment for semantic web applications.” Springer, pp. 229–243, 2004.
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2014-09-02
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Player-Specific Conflict Handling Ontology. (2014). International Journal of Serious Games, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v1i3.26
