Augmented Reality Cubes for Cognitive Gaming: Preliminary Usability and Game Experience Testing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v3i1.106Keywords:
Augmented Reality, cognitive screening, cognitive training, dementiaAbstract
Early detection is important in dementia care; however, cognitive impairment is still under-recognised and under-diagnosed. Cognitive screening and training are two important preventative treatments, which can lead to early detection of cognitive decline. In this work, the “Cognitive Augmented Reality Cubes” (CogARC) system is presented, i.e. a serious game for cognitive training and screening, utilising an interaction technique based on Augmented Reality and the manipulation of tangible, physical objects (cubes). The game is a collection of cognitive mini-games of preventative nature and is, primarily, targeting elderly players (?60 years old). A preliminary testing was conducted focusing on the game experience that CogARC offers (utilising the In-Game Experience Questionnaire), the usability of the system (using the System Usability Scale), and the specific user observations and remarks, as documented by open, semi-structured interviews. Overall, CogARC demonstrated satisfying positive responses, however, the negative reactions indicated that there are specific problems with aspects of the interaction technique and a number of mini-games. The open interview shed more light on the specific issues of each mini-game and further interpretation of user interactions. The current study managed to provide interesting insights into the game design elements, integration of Augmented Reality, tangible interaction of the system, and on how elderly players perceive and use those interaction components.
References
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[13] Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Botella, J., Zamarrón, M., Molina, M., Cabras, E., Schettini, R., Tárraga, L. "Cognitive Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Aging." Clinical Interventions in Aging 7 (2012): 15-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S27008
[14] Bouchard, B., Imbeault, F., Bouzouane, A., Menelas, B. "Developing Serious Games Specifically Adapted to People Suffering from Alzheimer." Chap. 21 In Serious Games Development and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 243-254: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33687-4_21
[15] Robert, P., König, A., Amieva, H., Andrieu, S., Bremond, F., Bullock, R., Ceccaldi, M., Dubois, B., Gauthier, S., Kenigsberg, P., Nave, S., Orgogozo, J., Piano, J., Benoit, M., Touchon, J., Vellas, B., Yesavage, J., Manera, V. "Recommendations for the Use of Serious Games in People with Alzheimer's Disease, Related Disorders and Frailty." Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6 (2014): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00054
[16] McCallum, S. "Gamification and Serious Games for Personalized Health." Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 177 (2012): 85-96.
[17] Kato, P. "Video Games in Health Care: Closing the Gap." Review of General Psychology 14, no. 2 (2010): 113-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019441
[18] Ninaus, M., Pereira, G., Stefitz, R., Prada, R., Paiva, A., Neuper, C., Wood, G. "Game Elements Improve Performance in a Working Memory Training Task." International Journal of Serious Games 2, no. 1 (2015): 3-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v2i1.60
[19] Boletsis, C. , McCallum, S. "Augmented Reality Cube Game for Cognitive Training: An Interaction Study." Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 200 (2014): 81-87.
[20] Kato, P. "Evaluating Efficacy and Validating Games for Health." Games for Health Journal 1, no. 1 (2012): 74-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2012.1017
[21] Gold, S., Wolfe, J. "The Validity and Effectiveness of a Business Game Beta Test." Simulation & Gaming 43, no. 4 (2012): 481-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878111431868
[22] Baranowski, T., Buday, R., Thompson, D., Lyons, E., Lu, A., Baranowski, J. "Developing Games for Health Behavior Change: Getting Started." Games For Health Journal 2, no. 4 (2013): 183-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0048
[23] Farage, M., Miller, K., Ajayi, F., Hutchins, D. "Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults." Global journal of health science 4, no. 2 (2012): p2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v4n2p2
[24] Ijsselsteijn, W., Nap, H., Kort, Y. de, Poels, K. "Digital Game Design for Elderly Users." In Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Future Play, 17-22, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1328202.1328206
[25] Gerling, K., Schulte, F., Masuch, M. "Designing and Evaluating Digital Games for Frail Elderly Persons." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, 1-8, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2071423.2071501
[26] Gregor, P., A.Newell. "Designing for Dynamic Diversity: Making Accessible Interfaces for Older People." In Proceedings of the 2001 EC/NSF workshop on Universal accessibility of ubiquitous computing: providing for the elderly, 90-92, 2001.
[27] McCallum, S., Boletsis, C. "Augmented Reality & Gesture-Based Architecture in Games for the Elderly." Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 189 (2013): 139-144.
[28] Nasreddine, Z., Phillips, N., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J., Chertkow, H. "The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Moca: A Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53, no. 4 (2005): 695-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
[29] Folstein, M., Folstein, S., McHugh, P. "“Mini-Mental State”: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician." Journal of Psychiatric Research 12, no. 3 (1975): 189-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
[30] Kluger, A., Gianutsos, J., Golomb, J., Ferris, S., George, A., Franssen, E., Reisberg, B. "Patterns of Motor Impairment in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Decline, and Early Alzheimer's Disease." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 52, no. 1 (1997): P28-P39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/52B.1.P28
[31] Flores, E., Tobon, G., Cavallaro, E., Cavallaro, F. I., Perry, J. C., Keller, T. "Improving Patient Motivation in Game Development for Motor Deficit Rehabilitation." In Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, 381-384, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1501750.1501839
[32] Gerling, K., Schild, J., Masuch, M. "Exergame Design for Elderly Users: The Case Study of Silverbalance." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, 66-69, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1971630.1971650
[33] Sharlin, E., Itoh, Y., Watson, B., Kitamura, Y., Sutphen, S., Liu, L. "Cognitive Cubes: A Tangible User Interface for Cognitive Assessment." In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 347-354, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/503376.503438
[34] Neistadt, M. "A Critical Analysis of Occupational Therapy Approaches for Perceptual Deficits in Adults with Brain Injury." The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 44, no. 4 (1990): 299-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.44.4.299
[35] Gamberini, L., Fabregat, M., Spagnolli, A., Prontu, L., Seraglia, B., Alcaniz, M., Zimmerman, A., Rontti, T., Grant, J., Jensen, R., Gonzales, A. "Eldergames: Videogames for Empowering, Training and Monitoring Elderly Cognitive Capabilities." Gerontechnology 7, no. 2 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4017/gt.2008.07.02.048.00
[36] Correa, A., De Assis, G., Nascimento, M., Ficheman, I., Lopes, R. "Genvirtual: An Augmented Reality Musical Game for Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation." In Proceedings of Virtual Rehabilitation '07, 1-6, 2007.
[37] Anderson, J., Hinojosa, J., Strauch, C. "Integrating Play in Neurodevelopmental Treatment." The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 41, no. 7 (1987): 421-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.41.7.421
[38] Zhou, Z., Cheok, A., Pan, J. "3d Story Cube: An Interactive Tangible User Interface for Storytelling with 3d Graphics and Audio." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8, no. 5 (2004): 374-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-004-0300-0
[39] Barakova, E., van Wanrooij, G., van Limpt, R., Menting, M. "Using an Emergent System Concept in Designing Interactive Games for Autistic Children." In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Interaction design and children, 73-76, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1297277.1297291
[40] Anagnostou, K., Vlamos, P. "Square Ar: Using Augmented Reality for Urban Planning." In Third International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES), 128-131, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vs-games.2011.24
[41] Fernandez, A., Goldberg, E., Michelon, P. The Sharpbrains Guide to Brain Fitness: How to Optimize Brain Health and Performance at Any Age. SharpBrains, 2013.
[42] Stroop, J. "Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions." Journal of experimental psychology 18, no. 6 (1935): 643-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
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2016-03-01
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Augmented Reality Cubes for Cognitive Gaming: Preliminary Usability and Game Experience Testing. (2016). International Journal of Serious Games, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v3i1.106
